| ANNALS OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE Vol. 5, No. 3, 2007 ISSN 1512-1887 |
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SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES OF ABSHERON PENINSULA AND GOBUSTAN ORNIS
N.A. Sadókhova
Abstract
Author consider possible to separate Absheron peninsula from Gobustan and think
them separated avigeographical districts of the central part of Azerbaijan. It
was studies common species of these districts, as well as characteristic species
of every district individually.
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P. Felix-Henningsen*, Ò.F.Urushadze**, E.I. Narimanidze***, L. Wichmann***, D. Steffens**** , B.B. Kalandadze*****
Abstract
The fertile irrigated soils of the Mashavera valley, Georgia, have a high
agricultural yield potential. The river water used for irrigation, however, is
polluted with mining waste from a copper and gold mine situated in the
mountainous region of the middle reaches of the Mashavera river. Furthermore
waste water from a floatation plant, erosion material from floatation waste
deposits, and acid mine drainage leads to high concentrations of dissolved and
suspended sulphidic heavy metals. The Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations of mud from
irrigation channels and the Mashavera river are extremely high. It is estimated
that the annual transfer of heavy metals (HM) by irrigation water is in the
range of several g*ha-1 for Cd and several kg*ha-1 for Cu and Zn. Accordingly,
most of the irrigated soils under different agricultural land uses display a
strong enrichment of HM that can be traced back to irrigation with polluted
water over a period of several decades. The concentrations of total amounts of
Cu, Zn and Cd are closely and significantly inter-correlated due to the same
river source. They increase with intensity of land use and amount of irrigation
in the sequence arable fields, occasionally submerged meadows, vegetable
gardens, wine gardens, and orchards with mixed cropping of vegetables. A high
proportion of HM belongs to the supply fraction, unspecific ally and
specifically adsorbed HM dissolvable in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
The narrow correlation of this fraction with the mobile and plant available
fraction of HM indicates a high long-term risk potential within the food chain.
Due to the recent high adsorption capacity of the soils for HM, only a small
amount of HM in the mobile fraction was found with proportions of less than 1 %
of the total amounts for Cu and Zn, and a maximum of 1.5 % for Cd. On the other
hand, initial investigations of cereals and vegetable species indicate a high
uptake of Cu, Zn and Cd, which for Cu and Cd causes concentrations in plants
exceeding the safety thresholds for plants, animals and human beings. Therefore
it is questionable if the NH4NO3 extraction is sufficient to indicate the plant
available HM fraction in alkaline soils. The variability of the HM
concentrations in irrigated soils is by far wider than in non-irrigated topsoils,
especially towards higher concentrations. Differences in the duration, frequency
and amounts of irrigation as well as changes in the type of land use and soil
cultivation (e.g. depth of plowing) are the reasons for this high spatial
variability. This shows that the degree of soil pollution by HM in the Mashavera
valley cannot be estimated but must be investigated for each field in order to
evaluate the potential hazard for the food chain and the residents. At most
sites the concentrations exceed the precaution and threshold values defined in
the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance [1] or as target
values in the "Dutch List". According to the German Federal Soil Protection Act
[2], the upper deviation of action values should require restrictions in land
use or other measures to prevent the transfer of HM into the food chain. While
the action values on single arable fields are exceeded, the threshold value of
the Cu concentration with respect to sheep grazing is exceeded by 60 % in the
investigated meadows of the Mashavera floodplain. The HM pollution of home
gardens, grape fields, wine gardens and other orchards has become very critical
due to the high amount and frequency of irrigation. Many of the vegetables
accumulate HM in vegetation parts used as food. In 40 % of the investigated
house gardens and 82 % of the wine gardens with mixed cropping of vegetables,
the action value for Cd is exceeded. Contamination of the river water by mining
waste and acid mining drainage is continuing Political and economical solutions
to stabilize the mine deposits and waste water cleaning of the floatation plant
are absent. Due to the serious contamination and the impossibility to clean the
soils, immediate measures should be initiated in order to protect the
population.
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THE NEW IN THE STRATEGY OF PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY
G.G. Oganezova
Abstract
In the temporary strategy of in situ preserving biodiversity the new at the
legislative level is an attempt to increase legal status of nature protection,
introduction of the legal category “Law of Biosphere”. In the applied aspect the
new is the methods of forming the network of protected are as of different
levels (national, international) and identifying the borders of protected areas.
In order to ex situ preserve plant biodiversity in botanical gardens priority is
given to preserving aborigine flora varieties in plant collections, informing
population on the activities, active participation in international programs,
obtaining a number of financial sources for botanical gardens. The paper
attempts to analyze the state of in situ and ex situ plant protection on the
example of Armenia and the botanical garden of NAS of RA.
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BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF IRRIGATED SOILS OF SUBTROPICAL ZONES OF AZERBAIJAN
N.H.Orujova
Abstract
The article deals with the biological estimation of irrigated soils of
subtropical zones of Azerbaijan.
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INVESTIGATION OF DROUGHT PECULIARITIES IN GEORGIA
G.I. Kordzakhia, R. Sh. Meskhia
Abstract
In present work, the tendencies of the modern century course of recurrence of
positive anomalies of monthly average air temperature in the vegetation period
and precipitation below norm are investigated. The climatic parameters
characterising droughts and natural moisture provision of soil based on
observational data for the period 1961-2000 are determined. Based on the
above-stated zoning of Georgia in respect of droughts and natural moisture
provision is carried out. The received results create a basis for the
scientifically proved management of agriculture and for different realization of
land treatment and other necessary measures. .
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TO STUDING HAZARD OF DISPLAY WIND EROSION IN EAST GEORGIA
G.P. Gogichaishvili, T.J. Gabisonia
Abstract
By the lead researches it is established, that a mean-annual erosive index of
wind - "C", in East Georgia varies from 0.05 up to 27.58 units. Hazard of
display of soil blowing is shown basically in the end of autumn, in winter and
in the beginning of spring. The most arid part of East Georgia is Rustavi and
Tbilisi environs. By the lowest threshold speed in East Georgia are
characterized [6] Alluvial Calcareous and Grey Cinnamonic Light soils - 10 m/s;
then follow: Meadow Grey Cinnamonic, Grey Cinnamonic, Cinnamonic Leached (Meskheti),
Grey Cinnamonic, Cinnamonic Calcareous soils - 11 m/s; Cinnamonic, Grey
Cinnamonic Dark soils - 12 m/s; Cinnamonic (Meskheti) and Black soils - 13 m/s;
Cinnamonic meadow, Brown Forest Weakly Unsaturated, Leached Chernozems, Black
Calcareous soils - 14 m/s; Cinnamonic Leached (Shida Kartli) soils and
Chernozems - 15 m/s.
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EROSION PROCESSES AND CONTOUR-LANDSCAPE TILLAGE
H. K. Khazaryan, A.O. Markosyan, G.A. Hambaryan
Abstract
The article deals with the erosion processes and contour landscape tillage.
Protection of soil becomes more vital for Armenia as the soil surface nowis in
critical situation. Erosion grade of soil surface comprises 75 %, which obtains
special importance against background of limited soil resources (0.14 ha for the
person).
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MINERAL
SUBSTANCES OF TEA AND FOOD-MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIAL
V.P. Tsanava*, N.I. Oragvelidze*, R.M. Takidze**, I.I. Tavdumadze*
Abstract
The article deals with mineral substances of tea and food-medicinal plant raw
material. As a result of investigation in all the fractions of tea raw material
(tender, hardened, coarse) in total mass and production raw material total
amount of mineral compounds and separate elements was researched.
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ACYLATION AND BROMATION REACTIONS OF 2-AMINO-4-PHENYLTIAZOLES AND SUBSTITUTED AMINOALCOHOLS AND AMINOTIOLS ON THEIR BASES
S.E. Sadigova
Abstract
As is known, triazoles possess antivirus, antiparasitic, febrifugal properties
and are widely applied in medicine. Thiazole’s cycle is part of such compounds
as norsulfazole, fralazole, vitamin B1, erzyme cocarbocsilaza and etc. In this
connection we aimed to synthesize some of the 2-amino-4-phenylthiazoles and its
derivatives. By interaction various replaced acetophenones with thiocarbamid at
the presence of iodine have been synthesized 2-amino-4phenylsubstituted
thiazoles and theirs hydrochlorides. By interaction of 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole
with 1,2-epoxy-3-chlorpropane at the presence of an ice acetic acid
3-hydroxy-6-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropirimido[1,2-b]-thiazoline-4 was received
also we received the hydrochloride of this compound. By interaction of
propylenoxide and propilensulfide with various substituted aminoalcohols and
aminotiols we received.
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M. V. Chebotareva, B. A. Godziashvili
Abstract
Two form and two doze phosphorus fertilizers - superphosphate and ground rock
phosphate where testing on growth and development of maise on acid and liming
krasnozem in vegetation experiment. On acid soil more favorable effect render
assistance ground rock phosphate, in liming soil exel superphosphate.
Application of dolomite promote adoption soil phosphate and increasing content
of phosphorus in leaf maise from 0,14 ( background NK) to 0,22 - 0,52 %. On acid
soil plant carry out more part phosphorus from fertilizers.
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INFLUENCE OF CULTIVATION REQUIREMENTS ON WINTER WHEAT OUTPUT AND GRAIN
UNDER CONDITIONS
OF SISIAN SUBZONE OF ZANGEZUR AGRICULTURAL ZONE
G.S.Khachatryan
Abstract
Winter wheat is the most popular cultivated crop in Zangezur agricultural zone.
However, the insufficiency of highquality seed material lean to the decrease of
yield productivity of winter wheat in the zone.The efficiency of Bezostaya 1 and
Umanka varieties, Nairi 68 and Akhtamar perspective varieties are being observed
in the region. As is also nutrition efficiency of nitrogen increasing dozes
under conditions of fertilijing overall bachground (P120 K120) is being
established. Thus, the best varieties by yield productivity and traits of grain
chemical composition are recognised to be Nairi 68 and Akhtamar and the best
doze of nitrogen nutritions is N120..
INTERACTION OF PHOSPHORIC FERTILIZERS AND ZINC IN GEORGIAN SOILS
R.O. Lordkipanidze
Abstract
After a contributing the phosphoric fertilizers a contents of zinc in all
studied types of ground has decreased. Accessibility of zinc in ground depends
both from soil, and from contribute phosphates, moreover antagonism of
phosphoric fertilizers reveals itself far enough intensive that it is necessary
a contributing the zinc fertilizers.
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PROSPECTS OF APPLYING MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN PLANT PROTECTION
E.K. Orjonikidze
Abstract
In recent years mathematical methods are successfully applied in solving the
issues of plant protection. The paper provides material which reveals the
prospects of their application. In particular, it gives the principles of
systematic analysis, a method of group regarding of arguments to forecast
decomposition of pesticides in plant and the possibilities to use computer
technique to identify toxic indexes of pesticides.
MODELING OF PARAMETERS OF POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADAPTIVE MILLING CULTIVATOR
B.B. Basilashvili, Z.K. Makharoblidze, M.O. Benashvili
Abstract
The question of improvement of technical and operational parameters of
soil-cultivating machines with active working bodies, gets due to the attention
towards the opportunity to carring out technological operations effectively and
in full conformity with agricultural requirements. The results of the researches
of an experimental adaptive milling cultivator resulted in the article, promote
studying and resolving of the specified question according to modern
requirements of scientific and technical progress.
MECHANISM OF HINGED FITTING AND A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF ITS WORK
V.Z. Miruashvili
Abstract
For improvement of steady movement agricultural units and its components (
tractor and agricultural machine) the author offers new system of the hinged
mechanism . The theoretical analysis of its work is carried out and
serviceability of the offered hinged mechanism is proved, which automatically
changes directions of force of draft depending on change: of directions and
points of the appendix of productive force of resistance of agricultural machine
(plough), and by that suppresses arising disturbance.
MAIN TREMATODES AND TREMATODOSIS, SPREADED IN GEORGIA
G.I. Goderdzishvili, Sh.O. Potskhveria
Abstract
Fasciolosis, Dicroceliosis and Paramphistomidosis are the main trematodosis in
Georgia, where Fasciolosis and Dicroceliosis are spreaded almost everywhere and
Paramphistomidosis – locally. With fasciolas and paramphistomums are infected,
accordingly, 54,1 and 10,1% of Cattle, with dicroceliums – 70-99% of sheep. In
some regions of Georgia Fasciolosis and Paramphistomidosis are often appeared in
acute form. Atazol Forte-300 (at dose level of two tablets on 60 kg of body
weight), Exiptol-600 and Exiptol-2500 (at dose level of one tablet on 100-120 kg
of body weight) are high effecting medicines against Fasciolosis and
Dicroceliosis, and Tetraxichole (at dose level of 0,2 g/kg of body weight) and
Fistoklozanidae (at dose level of 1 g/20 kg of body weight – 15 mg/kg according
to AS) are high effecting medicines against Paramphistomidosis.
PHAGE GROWTH TITER REACTION - EXPRESS-METHOD FOR PULLORUM DIAGNOSTICS
M. M. Natidze, N. J. Pagava, L.M. Natidze, L.B.Gvaladze
Abstract
Timely prophylaxis and treatment of infections diseases need an immediate
indication and identification of the pathogen. Express-methods for diagnostics
of infectious diseases such as, luminescent microscopy, immuno ferment analisis,
polymerase chain reaction, passive hemaglutination reaction, phage diagnostics
(reaction of phage growth titer) etc have been introduced in microbiological
laboratory practice. Phage growth titer reaction is successfully implemented in
the medicine for diagnostics of infections diseases of bacteriophagic etiology
(dysentery, abdominal typhus, anthrax, etc).According to our investigations
diagnosis of pullorum with phage growth titer reaction can be made during 18-36
hs instead of 3-5 days necessary for bacteriological investigation. Phage growth
titer reaction appears to be specific and high-sensitive. Using this method it
is possible to real tens of microbial cells in 1 ml/g of investigated material
(heart, liver, speen) without isolation of pure culture.
CHEMICAL COMPOUND OF FUR ROW MATERIALS OF LOCAL AND CROSS-BREED KIDS (F1) (FIRST
REPORT)
L. G. Ter-Isahakyan, A. V. Saroyan, S. M. Marqaryan
Abstract
Nowadays in Republic of Armenia there are being carried out researches on
crossing local goats with worldwide known breeds of the dairy direction. In the
article there are summarized the results of study of the chemical compound of
skins local and cross-breed kids (F1), resulting from crossing of the local and
Alpine breeds. The results of our researches allow to ascertain, that skins of
local kids at newborn and two-months age almost on all above listed figures
surpass the skins of crossbred kids, but already at four-month age yield to them
on all figures. With the purpose of detection the regularities, the studies on
the chemical compound and thickness of goatskins proceed up to one-year-old age
of kids (six-month, eight-month and one-year old), the results of which will be
presented in the following publications.
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THE USE OF THE LOCAL NAKED-NECKS TO RECEIVE BROILERS
R.E. Nozadze, M.I. Khutsishvili, V.N. Zavrashvili
Abstract
The local naked-necks are raised for a long time in Georgia, present the best
genetic resources for the subsequent selected work. These hens are larger than
other indigenous types of the local hens and they are characterized with good
flavoring and meat qualities. The naked-necks advantage consists in the
adaptation to the local conditions, which is the most important by raising of
meat chicks for the making of the national dish – "tabaka" (fried chickens by
500–700 g weight)..
INFLUENCE OF THE SYSTEM OF KEEPING BROILER ON THE CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGYCAL INDEXES OF FRESH AND FROZEN MET
N.T.Mamukelashvili, R.E.Nozadze
Abstract
Raw, eviscerated poultry is a perishable commodity that readily supports the
growth of micro-organisms when stored under chill conditions. Its self-life
depends on the combined effects of several factors, especially storage
temperature, the numbers and types of cold-tolerant spoilage bacteria present
initially. These bacteria are primarily responsible for chemical changes in the
muscle that lead to off-odors and ultimately slime formation. Meat of broiler,
received from chickens, kept in cage batteries worse be kept little with meat
from chickens on deep litter. Research has shown that freezing insignificantly
influences chemical composition of poultry meat. Bi sensory indices advantage
have poultry meat rear on deep litter. It has been studied Contamination with
micro-organisms of raw and frozen poultry, rear on deep litter and in cage
batteries has been studied. Attached to frozen meat quantity microbe diminish by
24%. Bacteriological and bacterioscopical research establish, that it is better
preserved carcass of Broiler rear on deep litter.
EFFICIENCY OF SOYA IN MEAT PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING
M. A. Tsintsadze, N. Sh. Natroshvili, G. N. Natroshvili, N. N. Natroshvili
Abstract
The importance of soya in animals’ forage is noted. Soya represents important
fodder product for animal industries, especially in manufacture of meat
products. The role of each separate soya component in the increasing of animals’
weight is proved.
INDEXES OF
NATURALITY OF FRIUT AND BERRY JUICES AND VINE MATERIALS
N.Sh.Bagaturia, N.A. Begiashvili, I.V. Kupatadze, B.N. Bagaturia
Abstract
Nine kinds fruit-berries’ juices and physical-chemical indicators of cherries
and blackberries wine material was studied.. It’s established natural indicators
of juices and wine material at the physical-chemical criterions possible limitly
importance.
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DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR FERMENTATION OF SOME PLANTS CONTAINING INULIN
L. A. Mujiri, M. A. Guliashvili
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of some wild-growing plants containing
inulin. Inulin is highly ecological carbohydrate, characterized by acid
hydrolysis of reducing and non reducing sugars which contains up to 85 % of
fructose. The object of research are wild-growing plants of Georgia containing
inulin: artichoke, dahlia, topibambur and chicory. The herbs are washed,
crumbled up. After purification filtrate is used for fermentation. Fermentation
is conducted using dry yeast “oenopherm freddo”. After fermentation the
composition of mash is examined. The received mass will be used for creation of
new products on the ecologically clean vegetable base.
WATER
REGULATIVE AND SOIL-PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SUBALPINE WOODS OF EAST GEORIA
G. I. Kharaishvili
Abstract
In the article the influence of subalpine woods and the alpine meadows of East
Georgia on water-physical properties of soils, superficial drain and erosive
processes are considered. As a result of research it is established, that soils
of subalpine wood are characterized by good water-physical properties and
represent the natural mechanism for regulation of liquid superficial drain and
elimination of the erosive phenomena. Soils of alpine zone in comparison with
subalpine are characterized by low parameters of water-physical properties. One
of the main measures in subalpine belt are forest ameliorative works for the
elevation of the top border of woods up to its natural habitat.
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AGRARIAN WHOLESALE MARKET AND ITS FORMATION
V.T. Emrachov
Abstract
The main function of the agrarian wholesale market - regulation of sale and
purchase on the basis of a market competition, formation of channels of exchange
of the goods. This market must solve a number of problems on preparation,
sorting, transportation, storage, processing, financing and distribution. The
agrarian wholesale market is the center of the information in studying both
supply and demand. Producers and consumers have real opportunity to predict and
plan the activity. The market promotes stabilization of the prices, growth of
commodity circulation, restoration of inter-regional and interbranch
connections, balancing the payments, government optimization of distribution
system of foodstuffs.
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AGRARIAN POLICY ON AGRICULTURE INTENSIFICATION AND SETTLING MAIN FOOD ISSUES IN
REPUBLIC ARMENIA
K.A. Grigoryan
Abstract
The historical time period is decisive for the Armenians. The drastic
reconstruction of economic relations of the former administrative- governing
economic system is to prove its advantages. However, today, huge industrial
capacities of former net farms, having got semi manufacture status, represent no
national value. The cosmopolitan status of the country is not favorable, the
unemployment and migration are great, and the expectation of privatization has
remained unjustified. The industrial country has turned into agrarian, food
situation has sharpened. Today, huge resource losses, unproductive
substructures, imperfect assisting system to farmers and lack of resources,
insecure and poor current capital, low profitableness of production are the main
obstacles in agrarian improvement. The only guarantee to obtain food
self-sufficiency in a land-starved and scarce in water country with vulnerable
ecosystem is a consistent and many-sided intensification of agriculture. For the
future intensification of agriculture there have been suggested the following
effective mechanisms which will aim at tempering fiscal policy, supporting farm
land productive system formation, mobilizing rural farm numerous scattered
resources, as well as creating the international contribution field for economic
stabilization with the adequate profit-promising suggestions.
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PROBLEMS OF THE FOOD MARKET FUNCTIONING
M.M.Màmedov
Abstract
The reforms of the food market in 1995 were reduced to liquidation of state
system of purchases and distribution of agricultural production,
self-elimination of the state from economic connections and economic relations,
and also to liberalization of foreign trade. Thus the active steps on formation
of the market infrastructure were not undertaken, the maintenance of equal
conditions of access to the market for all managing subjects.
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PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN AIC
N.A. Javadov
Abstract
The
article deals with principles and methods of structural changes in AIC
(Agro- Industrial Complex). The means of realizing structural changes is to
develop those links of AIC that ensure elimination of disproportions and
formation of optimum interrelation among the subordinate parts of AIC.
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STATE REGULATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SECTOR
Z.T.Mammadov
Abstract
The
paper deals with the state regulation of sustainable development of agrarian
sector. It shows that state regulation of sustainable development of
agrarian sector is a system of economic, organizational, social, legal and
political ensuring of favorable environment by the government to form and
develop sustainable reproduction of enterprise type.
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PECULIARITIES OF THE MARKET MODEL OF AGRARIAN DEVELOPMENT
S.T.Gajieva
Abstract
Proceeding from multiple economic interests of the population new economic
currents, schools will appear. This is the objective that and can only
enrich the contents of the model of development allowing to form of the
basis of the future market facilities of Azerbaijan. Therefore, taking into
account the general socio-economic picture of republic reflected in the
market model of development, it is possible to speak about the initial
stage, i.e. about the beginning of a new stage of development of republic in
a strictly chronological framework.
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