| ANNALS OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE Vol. 3, No. 4, 2005 ISSN 1512-1887 |
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
H.Hidaka*, T.Sadunishvili**,
J.Ramsden***, V.Aplakov****, G.Kvesitadze**,
Abstract
The constant increase of environmental contamination by different chemicals is
the most important and unsolved global problem. Huge amount of chemicals are
annually produced in the world in different ways. Hundreds of millions of tons
of chemicals are produced annually. These hazardous substances or toxic
intermediate products of their incomplete transformations are accumulated in the
biosphere, significantly affecting ecological balance. Nevertheless, plants can
assimilate environmental contaminants, and be successfully directed to remove
toxic compounds from the environment, providing long-term protection against
their environmental dispersal in ever increasing doses.The
anatomical-morphological and physiological-biochemical specificities of plants
determine their action as environmental protectors and remediators.
Phytoremediation is a concept constructed from an emerging natural set of
technologies to support a number of recently developed clean-up strategies.
Phytoremediation includes the following technologies: phytoextraction,
rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytotransformation, phytostabilization,
etc. The level and the aims of the application of phytoremediation technologies
are presented.
A. Mohammad and A.
Moheman
Abstract
A polyhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Mo as sodium
molybdate on growth and nutrients concentration of tomato (Lycopersicum
esculentum) and black gram (Phaseolus mungo) plants. The beneficial effects on
growth were noticed at lower doses of Mo upto 0.10 and 0.20 ppm in case of
tomato and black gram plant respectively, thereafter a phytotoxic behaviour was
observed. The results of plants analysis showed an increase in the concentration
of nutrients viz: K, Ca, Mg and Cu upto 0.10 ppm in case of tomato plant,
thereafter they tend to decline on increasing doses of Mo. The concentration of
Mn and Fe increases and that of Zn decreases throughout the entire concentration
(0.05 to 0.80 ppm) of Mo application. There was no effect of degree of Mo
concentration in the uptake of Na by tomato plant. However in case of black gram
plant the concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe increases upto 0.20 ppm,
after they tend to decline on increasing doses of Mo. The Na content was found
to increase with the increasing concentration of Mo over the entire range (0.05
to 0.80 ppm). The results have been explained on the basis of chemical nature of
organic ligands present in plant xylem sap contents to form complexes,
translocation through plant sap and nodulation in leguminous plant.
ABSORPTION OF PHENOL AND M-CRESOL IN SOILS
M. Sh. Mgeladze*, B. A. Arziani**,
I. G. Abdushelishvili***, V. D. Ugrekhelidze****
Abstract
Adsorption of phenol and p-cresol in red and yellow-brown soils is investigated.
It is shown that adsorption of phenols under study depends from the value of ðÍ,
organic matter, and especially, mineral constituents of soil. At low
concentration of phenols adsorption basically has the chemical nature, and at
their high concentration the major factor determining a soil adsorption capacity
is the physical adsorption.
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF MAIZE IN AUSTRIA: RESULTS OF A LONG-TERM EXPERIMENT
C. GYURICZA*, A. UJJ*, J. ROSNER**
Abstract
Within the framework of cooperation between the Szent István University and the
Vienna University of Agricultural Sciences, soil cultivation experiment in corn
(Zea mays L.) monoculture was set up for the first time in Austria near Pyhra
(Lower-Austria) in 1996. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ridge
tillage (RT) in comparison with fall-mouldboard-plough (CT) and no-tillage (NT)
on penetration resistance (PR), soil bulk density (BD) and porosity (P) of sandy
loam soil (Typic Agriudoll). Analyses were made at each treatments and different
part of ridge (at top of the ridge, side of the ridge and interrow) in 1998,
2000 and 2002. The average PR and BD values were greatest in the no-tillage plot
3.42 MPa and 1.56 g•cm-3, respectively. After six years ridge tillage resulted
in lower penetration resistance and bulk density values in the upper 20 cm than
conventional and no-tillage. Ridge tillage appears capable of reducing
compaction in this soil. These results show that adverse soil physical condition
(increased BD and PR) development was justified when using no-tillage in this
region.
F.Kogan*, T.I.Tourmanidze**
Abstract
This proposal suggests to use of NOAA operational polar orbiting satellites,
which have been in service for two decades. Specifically, the new methods of
deriving all aspects of drought monitoring and impacts, which are based on
numerical estimation of vegetation health, moisture and thermal indices, are
suggested to be used as a proxy for drought diagnosis and forecasting crops,
orchards and pastures productivity.
O. Nestroy
Abstract
This paper presents a few practical examples of soils common in Austria, such as
Rendzinas, Rankers, Tschernosems, Paleosols, and Pseudogleys, attempting to
correlate the Austrian soils classification system, ÖBS 2000, with the systems
of the WRB 1998. Questions of detail are discussed – apart from the basic
problems resulting from differences in classification structure. Such details
refer to the differentiation of Rendzinas and Rankers according to humus type
and soil depth, the Tschernosems with their subtypes according to colour and
concentration of calcium carbonate, the positioning of the Paleosols in the WRB
and, finally, the criteria for classifying surface-water storing soils without
abrupt textural change to the Planosols. It should be possible to find solutions
by discussing these questions at an international level.
POTATO
HEALTHY PLANTING MATERIAL MASS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
A.A Sahakyan, G.H. Melyan, A.A.,
Barsegyan, K.A. Gazaryan, L. R. Aleksanyan
Abstract
The article deals with potato healthy planting material mass production
technology in the Republic of Armenia..
BIOEFFECT OF
DEUTERATED WATER ON ENZYMATIC SYSTEMS OF PLANTS
M.N. Oziashvili
Abstract
The effect of increasing D2O concentrations on GDG activities is similar to
the result obtained for MDG, and in particular to those at non-optimal pH
values. The effect of GDG enzymatic activity inhibition is twice that obtained
at optimal pH values. Comparing the results obtained with malatdegidrogenase and
glutamatdegidrogenase preparations we noted that MDG is highly subjected to the
inhibiting effect of D2O concentrations at non-optimal pH values.
Inhibiting D2O effect on GDG is observed at lower deuterium concentrations and
makes up circa 30-40% decreasing activity of the latter by 3-5%.
E. S. TABATADZE
Abstract
The paper deals with the results of monitoring the Japanese scale –
Lopholeucaspis japonica Ckll., yellow scale – Aonidiella citrina Coq.,
Dictyospermum scale – Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Morg. and their natural enemies
on citrus plantings of Adjara (Akhalsheni, Angisa, Makhvelauri farms) in
1991-2004. It has been stated, that one of the leading factors of the scale
number regulation is the complex of natural enemies. It includes: 9 species of
parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae), 6 species of predators (Ñoleoptera,
Coccinellidae) and entomophatogenic fungi - Aschersonia sp. (Deuteromycota).
Among parasitoids, the most spread, more distributed and effective is - Encarsia
citrina Craw. The degree of parazitism varied from 0,35 to 40 %. At present from
coccinellids Chilocorus bipustulatus L. is more distributed and effective, than
Ch. renipustulatus Scriba and Exochomus quadripustulatus L. The scales mortality
by predator coccinellids varied from 0,05 -16,6 %. The results of our
investigations show, that armored scales entomophages do not always appear, as a
permanent and significant factor of scale number regulation. The fungus -
Aschersonia sp. is an effective pathogen of the Japanese scale in some citrus
groves. The pathogenesity reaches up to 94%. The results of our investigation
show, that the scales density has been significantly reduced due to increase of
the useful action of natural enemies and, among them, predominantly the new
pathogenic fungus - Aschersonia sp., earlier unknown in the Caucasus.
SOIL CONSERVATION BASICS FOR RANGELAND USE
A.A.Torekhanov
Abstract
The proposed article addresses an important and timely issue related to studies
of the soil conservation aspects of the range management in Southern Kazakhstan
on various light grey, typical grey and chestnut soils along the transect of
Alatau-Pribakhsh Taukumy mountain. The issue is crucial because despite dramatic
reduction in livestock population, the process of soil the resource degradation
is still observed and, in some cases, even worsened. This happens mainly due to
the intensive use of rangelands located close to the human settlements, which
causes over-grazing. The research data have revealed that the soil structure is
affected by animal grazing and may vary according to seasons. Also it was found
that the degradation due to livestock grazing is more considerable on the light
grey soil. All in all, continuous livestok grazing in one spot promote the
development of deflation processes. Other important parameter such as soil
humidity content, chemical composition, soil erosion process etc. have also been
studied.
G.P.Gogichaishvili , T.T.Urushadze
Abstract
For the definition of erosive potential of relief (E.P.R) the technique of the
Universal equation of soil loss (USLE.) is used. It leads to geomorphological
division into districts of the lands of meliorative fund of Georgia. It is
established, that for the most part of the lands E.P.R. makes 5,0 units. From
the lands of meliorative fund of Georgia of 30,8 % Arable lands are located in
conditions of 1,0 units E.P.R. With low values E.P.R It is characterized by
Plains and lowlands, and high values E.P.R. Slopes of foothills with slope up to
24 degrees are allocated.
DIAGNOSTIC AND USING OF STEPPE SOLONETZ OF GEORGIA
R. K. Mardaleishvili, M. V. Tvalavadze, M. R. Mardaleishvili
Abstract
In this article is considered the peculiarity of steppes solonetz of Georgia.
The physical, chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of this soil ought
to be improved. It is recommended to apply meliorative ploughing through deep
turning up to make friable by adding of gypsum, sowing perennial herbs,
fertilizers and irrigation according to the existing norms.
RADIOECOLOGY OF THE AGRO LANDSCAPES ON THE TERRITORY OF GARDABANI THERMOELECTRIC POWER STATION
Kh. R. Khutashvili, Kh. Z. Chankseliani, E. M. Epitov
Abstract
Several researches were conducted on different distances from the Gardabani
thermoelectric power station with the aim of study of radioecological condition
on the neighbouring territory. The soil, irrigative and well water, samples of
cattle breeding and plant cultivation were taken. “Canbera” and “Nokia”
poly-channel spectrometric analyzers were used for the research. The amount of
radio nuclides found was the following: soil (20-40m) 0-20; well water – 20;
irrigative water – 13; rain water –2. Composition of radio nuclides in plant
cultivation and cattle breeding products was studied. The received results show
that periodical radioecological monitoring of Gardabani thermoelectric power
station neighbouring territory should be conducted.
INFLUENCE OF MINERAL RERTILIZERS ON THE NUTRITIVE REGIME OF ALLUVIAL SODDY ACID
SOILS
T.R. Chitashvili
Abstract
The paper gives the results of long term researches on the influence of mineral
fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) on the nutritive regime of
alluvial soddy acid soils of the left bank of the Alazani Valley. Systematic
application of fertilizers caused the increase of contents of different
fertilizer fractions in soils.
COMPUTATION OF DRAINAGE UNDER THE PRESSURE NOURISHMENT OF GROUND WATERS (IN
ARARAT VALLEY CASE)
E.H. Khachatryan
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the computation of horizontal drainage under the
pressure nourishment of ground waters by multilayer aquifers. The analytic
equations are received to determine drain discharge, depression curve and
interdrain distance. Proposed relationships can be used for the design of Ararat
Valley drainage system rehabilitation project.
WATER DISTRIBUTION BY FLOWING WELL IN FILTERING MOTION CONDITIONS WITH WELL
INTERNAL HYDRAULICS
N. L. Melikyan
Abstract
By flowing well water taking the problem of water distribution by
fountain-type wells was considered in stationary pressure head filtering motion
conditions. Formula (11) is suggested here, accounting filtering resistances in
a water-bearing horizon by formula Dupe (2), friction hydraulic resistances in
dead part of well by formula Darcy- Vejsbah (4) and in the water receiver filter
according to the formula (7). The formula shows that the connection between the
well discharge and pressure is nonlinear.
R. V. Danelia, T. E. Katzarava, N. A. Mebonia
Abstract
The proof about invariancy of forms of depression curves of seepage streams is
stated under identical boundary conditions, but with various parameters of
water-permeable environment. The calculation method for the definition of
stability of a soil body in view of an initial seepage gradient is offered. The
paper analized the necessity of specification of existing calculation methods by
defining the impact of hydrodynamic (seepage) forces on soil body stability with
inclined surfaces of the basis. The approbation of the offered dependences
considering features of variability of a complex of rheological characteristics,
caused by superficial-molecular phenomena, by the development of a technique of
numerical testing stability of slopes with attraction of the extensive data of
field observation is offered.
G.A. Javakhishvili
Abstract
The proposed study observes the
principles of the impact of electromagnetic vibrodrives via a direct electric
current magnetization. To this end was developed a parity between the active
value of an alternating current and sliding .
CONDITION OF MOVEMENT OF MULTICOMPONENT STREAMS
E.G. Kukhalashvili, N.A. Undilashvili, P.O. Sichinava
Abstract
In connection with the increase of catastrophic phenomena, in particular because
of the direct influence of messengers’ torrents on water resources, which
recently has acquired special value, use of natural resources is related to
great problems. For the regulation of such streams and with the purpose of
selection of protective engineering actions the settlement model is offered on
the basis of which characteristics of movement on a cone of carrying out, in
particular, the settlement dependences of hydraulic resistance, slope, factor of
speed and length of interruption of movement are achieved.
S.A.Kochlikyan, G.B.Bagdasaryan
Abstract
In the article a problem of structural changing of the surface layer of
strengthened metal during its mechanical working has been considered. It has
been established, that the phase transformation during plane and grinding
encircles the layer of surfaces in the 10…15 mkm depth, and reconstruction of
instable outstand grating into mantensit grating has been observed.
OPERATIONAL ESTIMATION ISSUES OF THE REABILITATION FOR CUTTING OF IN
TEA-PLANTATIONS
B.B.Basilashvili,
Z.K.Makharoblidze
Abstract
During the last years the attention to the restoration and development of the
field of tea-growing in Georgia, made actual the creation and working research
issue of special technical means, important for reabilitation of overgrowed and
running wild tea-plantations.Research results are accomplished on the basis of
the theory of likeness of cutting-scattering aggregates of overgrowed
tea-plantations and their active experiments’ synthesis methods. It makes
possible to generalize them from the other aggregates, make governing the
technological process and car working regimes.
KINETICS OF EXPLOSIVE REACTIONS IN SOLID MATERIALS
H. H. Mkhitarian
Abstract
Chemical reactions going by under detonation speed in solid materials and
triggered by exposing their mixtures pills to the uniaxis high pressure have
been studied.It is shown that explosive reactions (detonation) are triggered by
elastic (percussion) waves, which are direct consequences of the mechanical
erosion of the pills taking place under high pressure.According to the results,
the reactions take place in the quasi-homogeneous environment and their speed
does not depend either on the temperature or the pressure. The speed constants
have very large values.
TAXONOMIC STATUS OF REPRODUCTIVES AND MEASURES AGAINST PIROPLAZMIDOZES
E.G.Gojayev
Abstract
Pyroplasmosis ought to be included in the ecological group of transmissible
endogenic parasitic disease, the originators of which leave the final or
definitive master only through the biological transmitting agent. In the
separation of beneficial animals and predators in identification of
pyroplasmosis, besides zoological criteria it is necessary to take into account
immunobiological characteristics. Pyroplasmosis develops its sensibility in
large horned cattle, zebus, and all aged hybrids, irrespective of sex, race and
physical status.
THE ROLE OF
LIMBICAL MECHANIZMS IN RESPIRATORY REGULATIONS IN OXYGEN DEFICIENCY CONDITIONS
N.S.Hakopyan, N.J. Adamyan, R.S.
Arutunyan, M.A. Karapetyan.
Abstract
The structures of limbic system have great integration in vegetative reactions.
In the oxygen deficiency conditions we studied the influence of irritation of
limbical cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, hypothalamus, septum on the impulse
activity of respiratory neurons. Phases of hypoxia were the model of experiment.
Irritating some of these structures on normoxia and 4-5 thousand meters higher,
we discover inhibiting influence on respiratory neurons; some structures'
irritation had activating influence. In difficult conditions of hypoxia (7,5-8
thousand meters) on the reduction of the impulse activity of neurons,
stimulation induced uncharacteristic reactions. Those different reactions of
irritation lumbic structures have regulation influence on respiratoty neurons.
J. V. Natchkebia, E.J. Natchkebia, K. J. Natchkebia
Abstract
In previous reports the data about genetic recombination between Cl. perfringens
and Cl.septicum with E.coli were given. In the given work the donors are
clostridia – Cl.oedematiens and Cl.chauvoei and recipients – escherichia, that
confirms the particular role of toxigenic clostridia in transmission of factors
of escherichia pathogenicity and their conversion into potential pathogenes of
coli-infection. This fact deserves pacticular attention as the question is about
the interrelation of microorganisms, separated from one another in toxonomic
hierarchy and escherichia innocuous for man and animals, because of their
contact with clostridia, which connected with their joint inhabitance in
ecological niche, become pathogenic.
WAYS OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST METABOLIC DISEASES IN COWS IN GEORGIA
A.G. Ramishvili
Abstract
As a result of researches carried out by us during several years, it is
identified, that metabolis diseases in cows are extremely widespread. They have
a permanent character, are repeated for several years and affect the economic
condition of the owners. As the result of examination of the morphological and
biochemical analysis of the blood of cows, we found certain identified
erythropenia, lymphocytopenia, oligochromemia, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinaemia,
hypophosphataemia, hypocarotenaemia, insignificant leukocytosis and significant
hypocalcemia. In connection with this, taking into consideration the biochemical
zoning and peculiarities of ecology of country we have developed and applied in
industry the mineral-vitamin premix "Mikvit". It is identified that the cows,
having consumed "Mikvit" were in a good state; there were nocases of metabolic
pathologies.
LAMB BREEDING FOR MEAT PRODUCTION UP TO 10 MONTHS OF AGE DEPENDING ON STOCKS
S.A. Pambukhchyan
Abstract
The live weight of lambs at birth for the year of 2003 is in the limits
characteristic for the investigated breeds. At the same time, the greater weight
differ corridel lambs type – 4.18 kg. are distinguished by a big mass. On all
breeds general regularity of magnitude increase of average daily and relative
weight increment is observed for the first three months of life when the main
source nourishment is maternal milk. At the age of 3 months deliver lambs are
being partly delivered from females as they can already compensate a significant
part of ration owing to pastures. At the age of 3 months distinctions are
observed in their growth. One of the peculiarities of the sheep’s ontogenesis is
their high growth rate up to 6-months age and its drop during the following age
period, as has been confirmed by our data. However, at 10-months of age their
live weight reaches – 43.2; 46.21 and 49.47 kg, which is effective for
realisation, thus facilitating their effective production.
ON
THE INVESTIGATION OF BLACK BAIKHOA TEA PROCESSING ENRICHED WITH STEVIA
V.P. Tsanava, Z.I. Dzneladze, E.R. Gobronidze
Abstract
Processing tecnology of stevia raw material is studied which contains the
following processes: leaf withering up to 62-63% of moisture content, rolling
during 45-50 minutes, cutting of the rolled tea on the tea cutting machine,
doying till 3-4% of moisture content and dry grading of half-finished product.
Technology of black baikhoa tea enriched with stevia is investigated: two rules
of manufacturing is worked up. The first - by processing stevia and tea leaf
simultaneously, and the second - by mechanical mixing of stevia and tea produces
of the same kind. Tea enriched with stevia is recommended both for massive
usage, and for medical-profhylactic purposes.
INCREASE OF SAFETY AND STEADINESS OF FRANKFURTER AND PORK SAUSAGES BY THE METHOD
OF RADURIZATION
S.I.Sahradyan
Abstract
Boiled sausages/ frankfurter and pork sausages/ are referred to the category of
particularly perishable products owing to big humidity. It is establshed that at
1.5-2.0 kGy the quantity of microorganisms is decreased in these products and
their safety and steadiness is increased without changes of their food value.
PERFECTION OF COGNAC SPIRIT PRODUCTION BY MEANS OF BALANCED WINE MATERIALS’
I.N. Iashvili, L.A. Mujiri
Abstract
The work presents researches and methods of processing produced technology of
the balanced wine materials for a further production of cognac spirits. Objects
of research were samples received from the sort of grape “Rkatsiteli”. Wine
materials were prepared via methods, for which different amount of fiber is
added to the must and ripened on yeast biomass. Works were carried out for
distillation of wine materials on cognac spirits. Results of the researches
showed that wine materials and cognac spirits meet the requirements of standard
examples. Especially we must underline the wine materials by adding yeast
biomass and enzymatic agent – mannanaz.
DISCLOSE OF MEAT WITH SIGNS OF DFD IN FROZEN BEEF BOXES BY pH VALUE AND COLOUR
H.H. Hovsepyan
Abstract
Taking into account the shortage of the reserve of meat, great importance is
given to its preservation and to the search of new ways of its right use. The
increase of the extent of the selection in the cattle-breeding is improved to
the rising of the quality of the beef. Combined industrial keeping and intensive
feeding is associated to PSE ( pale-soft-exudative) and DFD ( dark- form-dry)
defects with the increase of the quantity of raw materials, which, meanwhile,
lessen the exit of the meat with normal autolitic progress. The research of the
experiments have shown that it`s possible to appreciate the meat according to
its kind of autolize and to classify it. That classification gives an
opportunity to the manufacturer to apply original technological approach, by the
autolitic progress with regard to the meat, deviated from the tradition.
ON THE ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE ROLE OF FORESTS
M. lovera
Abstract
In the present paper on the adaptation to climate change: the role of forests,
among them forest functionality and its relation to adaptation to climate
change, adapting to a new balance..
BOTANICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONING AND DIVERSITY OF ADJARA FOREST VEGETATION
Z.K. Manvelidze
Abstract
On the basis of the characteristics of climatic and soil types, the areas and
the combination of kinds with uniform ecology, groupings with vegetative
associations on vertical belts. In floristic area of Adjara allocates 3
botanical-geographical areas and 8 subdistricts:Adjara seaside area (I) with 4
subdistricts: the subdistrict of lowland Kobuleti (I-1), the subdistrict of
lowland Kahaberi (I-2), the subdistrict Adjaristskali-chorokhi (I-3), the
subdistrict of seaside mountain hills (I-4). The area of middlemontane Adjara
(II) with 2 subdistricts: a subdistrict bottom gorge (II-1) and a subdistrict
middlemontane (II-2). The area of high-mountainous Adjara (III) with 2
subdistricts: a subdistrict of high mountains Adzharo-Imereti of a ridge
(III-1), a subdistrict of high mountains Arsiani and Shavsheti ridges (III-2).
Adjara, its ecosystem and phytocenotic diversity of forest vegetation. The
amount of wild-growing kinds on a unit of the area (1900 kinds, variations of
kinds and subspecies of plants on the area 2900 êì2), is the richest floristic
area on all Caucasian ecoregion.
RESULTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF CHESTNUT FRUITS IN GEORGIA
G.A. Gagoshidze
Abstract
In geobotanical area of mountain Kakheti (Lagodekhi, Kvareli, Òelavi, Akhmeta)
chestnut fruit investigated by us is divided into three categories: large
(10-17g), medium (6-10 g) and small (6g and less). We establish weight
categories of fruits of a chestnut of the Western Georgia, in particular the
weight of medium-sized fruit has made 6-8 g, of small sized 4g and the weight of
large fruit has made 8-10 g and more, though the latter was met extremely seldom
and have not been included in a researched material because of their small
amounts. Apparently, the weight of fruits of a chestnut of the Western Georgia
on the average is 1,5 times less than of the fruits of the same versions of a
chestnut of mountainouos Êàkheti.
NATURAL
REGENERATION OF TAXUS BACCATA AND THE WAYS OF ITS EXPANSION IN THE FORESTS OF
EAST GEORGIA
J.V.Lomidze, A.T.Urushadze, I.T.Tvauri
Abstract
The analysis of the natural regeneration of Taxus baccata - the valuable, rare
and being on the verge of disappearance species, in the forests of East Georgia
is given in the article. There are also shown the ways for the expansion and
development of plantations of this species.
H.-R. Hemmer
Abstract
In the present debate, knowledge about the causes, the manifestation, and the
economic consequences of globalisation are not widely understood. As a
consequence, the proper political instruments are seldom found. The paper tries
to summarize the most relevant aspects of globalisation from an economic point
of view. In this context, the analysis centers on aspects of international
trade, of foreign direct investments, and of international capital movements. It
is shown how they influence economic growth and income distribution, especially
the extent of absolute poverty in the affected economies. Futhermore, the most
promising political means to accelerate economic growth and simultaneously to
reduce absolute poverty in the participating countries are discussed.
ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL GROSS PRODUCT CONDITION OF ARMENIA
A.P. Galanteryan, M.A. Pogosyan
Abstract
The indicators of gross product in agriculture on both cattle breeding and plant
growing are briefly introduced in the article from 1993 to 2003. The
calculations of gross product growth resulted in graphics which denote blockade
in RA, agricultural gross product growth is observed especially in branches of
plant growing and cattle breeding.
ORGANIZATIONAL-LEGISLATIVE FORMS OF ENTERPRISING IN GEORGIA
G. I. Dzagnidze
Abstract
Transition to market relations requires quick acquisition and mastering of those
principles and methods, which are customary in the countries with high developed
market economies.In the article, along with the theoretical issues, are
considered organizational – legislative forms of enterprising, functioning in
Georgia, which are based on the Constitution of Georgia and the Law on
“Enterprises”. Today, at the current stage, preference is given to the
development of small enterprises, which create favorable conditions for maximal
activity of the population and ensure meeting basic requirements of every single
person.
ECONOMIC ISSUES ON SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY
R.I. Manvelidze
Abstract
In the article are discussed social and ecological problems of economic safety,
under which we imply manufactural processes (the struggle for existence) and
public mentality (struggle for survival) aspects. We highlight the activity of
these topics and the need of their global discussion in the countries of
transitional economy. The crucial role bears employment, demonology, rational
use of nature, rise of ecological culture and the regulating role of the state
in solving these problems..
CONTEMPORARY DEMOGRAPHIC STATE OF THE RURAL POPULATION OF GEORGIA
G.G. Meladze
Abstract
On the basis of the data of State Department for Statistics of Georgia, the
indicators of the rural population’s natural movement (childbirth, mortality,
marriage and divorce) and their dynamics in 1990-2002 are studied. According to
the latest census (2002) materials, the rural population’s marital status and
sex-age structure are analyzed. The comparative analysis between the latest data
and the data of 1989 is undertaken. A considerable attention is paid to the
questions of national structure of the rural population. The projection on the
number of the population by 2013 is made.
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