| ANNALS OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE Vol. 3, No. 3, 2005 ISSN 1512-1887 |
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DEGRADATION OF SOILS AND TEMPORARY ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
G.V.Dobrovolski
Abstract
In the paper is the review of a role and value of the degradation of soils in
the modern ecological crisis. The importance of the doctrine about soils as to
multifunctional natural system is shown, which plays an irreplaceable ecological
role in the biosphere and life of man.
THE EUROPEAN SOIL THEMATIC STRATEGY – A NEW RESEARCH AGENDA
Winfried E.H. Blum
Abstract
In the year 2000, the European Commission launched a Communication, entitled:
"Towards a thematic strategy for soil protection". This was the first step
forward to recognise soil as an important environmental medium, such as air and
water, within the European Union. A new research concept was developed,
distinguishing between five main soil research clusters: the analysis of
processes caused by the 8 threats to soil; the development, harmonisation and
standardisation of methods for soil monitoring; the identification and analysis
of driving forces and pressures behind soil degradation processes; the analysis
of impacts of the soil threats to the ecoservices provided by soil to other
environmental compartments, such as air, water (open and ground water), biomass
production, human health, biodiversity and culture. Finally, based on this, a
5th research cluster is focussing on new concepts for strategies and operational
procedures for the mitigation of the threats to soil. Through this new research
approach, priority research areas for soil protection and the management of
Europe's natural resources could be defined.
CLASSIFICATION OF PEDOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: A CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE OF SOIL
SCIENCE
Alain RUELLAN
Abstract
Until now, the main soil classifications are classification of "pedon" (vertical
combination of soil horizons). The problem is that pedon (= type of soil) is not
a natural body of the soil cover: its lateral limits are artificial and so the
soil maps based on pedon are artificial and wrong representations of soil cover
reality and functioning. Soil maps have to try to represent natural limits
between natural soil units. Two main natural limits can be represented: the
lateral limit of horizon and the lateral limit of pedological system. For soil
horizons, good inventories and classifications exist. But what are still
missing, are good identification and interpretation of the different types of
morphological limits and transitions that exist between horizons, vertically and
laterally. The types of morphological limits have to be interpreted, and
represented on maps, in terms of dynamic evolution (history and actual): a limit
is frequently a dynamic one, a transformation front where a structure is being
transformed in another one. For pedological systems, data are still missing
about the main types which may exist all around the world. It is urgent to
develop the inventory, and detailed studies, of the main pedological systems and
their transformation fronts. However, the work already done permits to establish
a first list of pedological systems that can be recognised and mapped all around
the world.
IS SUSTAINABILITY BEYOND THE FAR HORIZON ?
R. W. Arnold
Abstract
The article is dedicated to the problem of sustainability. The following issues
are discussed: the microbe experiment, eastern island, humanity footprint,
economics of sustainability, why society makes mistakes, moving towards new
horizons, the road travelled, tools of hope etc.
ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT AND THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL FERTILITY
H.-P. Blume* & H. Sticher**
Abstract
ALEXANDER von HUMBOLDT showed in simple laboratory tests that the composition of
air in a closed system with different soil samples changed with time. He found a
strong decrease of oxygen which was apparently stronger than a corresponding
increase of carbon dioxide. He attributed this decrease to an oxygen absorption
to clay and humus surfaces. From today´s point of view, his results may have
been based on microbial activity. So, without intending it ALEXANDER von
HUMBOLDT developed a method for quantifying soil respiration.
SOIL MAPPING AND DATABASES IN HUNGARY
G. Várallyay
Abstract
A special attention has been paid to the characterization of soils from the
viewpoint of their sensitivity/susceptibility/vulnerability to various natural
and human-induced stresses. Soil susceptibility maps have been prepared for:
water and wind erosion; acidification; salinization/alkalization/ sodification;
physical degradation (such as structure destruction, compaction and surface
sealing) and on the vulnerability of soils against various pollutants (e.g.
hazard of nitrate leaching etc.). Systematic monitoring systems were established
for registering soil changes.The properly organized hierarchic soil databases
(regional, national, subregional, local, farm, field level) represent a
comprehensive scientific basis for a sustainable land use and soil management.
They offer wide-ranging opportunities for the spatial quantification and
comprehensive analysis–modelling–evaluation of soil properties, pedotransfer
functions and soil processes. Rational land use and soil management are
important elements of sustainable (agricultural) development. Soils represent a
considerable part of the natural resources of Hungary. Their rational
utilization, conservation and the maintenance of their multipurpose
functionality have a particular significance in the Hungarian national economy
and in the environmental protection [1].
INITIAL
SOIL FORMATION ON THE QUARRY DETRITUS UNDER TREE PLANTATIONS IN NORTHEAST
ESTONIA
L.Reintam, E.Kaar and I.Rooma
Abstract
Four neighbouring plots in the area of Narva Quarry, Northeast Estonia, levelled
and afforested in 1978 with 2-year-old seedlings of black alder (Alnus
glutinosa), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and silver birch (Betula pendula),
were investigated 23 years after the beginning of the ecosystem processes in
pure detritus. In comparison with black alder and Scots pine, for some reason,
the initial rooting and growth of silver birch seedlings were poor, resulting in
low stocking density. In spite of the differences in stocking density, the
growing stock, and the pool of accumulated organic matter at these sites and in
the formed soil sections, the composition of humus substances both in the forest
floor and in the A–AC horizons is in principle similar. Some diversities in the
fractions of humus are mainly dependent on the transformation of the fulvates
into more stable humates. The development of organic matter and the ochric
A-horizon has resulted in a slight decrease in the pH-value and in the manyfold
increase in cation exchange capacity and in the content of exchangeable bases,
except for sodium. Only slight argillization of the A–AC section has taken place
against the background of the breakdown of silt and the residual accumulation of
sand fractions. Calcaric Regosols appear to have been formed.
IN COMMON
SPACE AND TIME AREAL
T.F.Urushadze, Ch.K.Mindeli
Abstract
The article deals with the influence of the main direction of activity of
acad. G.V.Dobrovolsky on the development of soils investigations in Georgia. The
pollution of the soils of West Georgia concerning the activity of powerful and
"ecological negative" industrial - Zestafoni ferro-melting factory is shown. It
was identified that the territory around the factory about 7-8 km is polluted.
N.I.Sheviakova, T.A.Zubkova, L.O.Karpachevskii
Abstract
Town soils may be divided into two groups: those, retaining natural habitus and
the disturbed ones. Natural soils are preserved in the parks, forest-parks,
botanical gardens. In the next part of the megapolice all the soils are
contaminated, their pH is increased, with many exchange cations, even up to Na.
One of the Na sources is anti-ice means. Monitoring over the salinization can be
carried out by electric profilation. Depression and destruction of Trees planted
along the streets is observed. In Moscow conditions most sustainable are elms,
ash trees, maples.
B.P.Gradusov
Abstract
The academician G.V. Dobrovolski within several decades heads a soil science in
USSR and Russia. He is continuer of the paridigm of V.V. Doukhuchaev.
G.V.Dobrovolski much has made for the development of this paradigma.
G.V.Dobrovolski has brought the determining contribution to development of a
problem of a soil cover as one of natural resources and in the doctrine about
ecological functions of soil formation in biosphere.
SOIL KNOWLEDGE IN ANCIENT GREECE AS REFLECTED IN CLASSICAL GREEK WRITINGS
J. Bech
Abstract
This study is aimed to estimate the degree of soil knowledge in Ancient Greece.
The writings of twenty-five prominent Greek scholars (from the 7th century B.C.
to the 3rd century A.D.) were carefully collated to find references related to
soils. The focus was not only on authors such as Theophastus, Aristotle and
Hippocrates, who wrote about agriculture, biology, botany and soils, but also on
other less known philosophers, poets and dramatists who in passing contributed
to a general knowledge of soils through their descriptions, observations or
personal experiences..
GLOBAL WARMING AND PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
N.I. Karkashadze
Abstract
The development of the society continues in stable ecological system conditions,
results of this stable system are production processes, which were established
as the relations of productions many years ago. In Global warming conditions,
which is real nowadays, human society needs to be adapted to the new ecological
system, change the existing technology, to create a new plant cover shelter. The
author draws great attention to the creation of new technologies, which will
reduce the pollution atmosphere with CO2. It is high time to start creation of
new breeding varieties, they will be adapted to the new ecological system. It is
necessary to start research in close relationship with the ecological problems.
ECOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF SOIL AND RELATION BETWEEN SOIL AND PLANT COVER
M.I.Jafarov, A.D.Babaeva
Abstract
The ecological estimation of the soil and the relation between the soil and
plant cover, as well as the influence of the ecological factors on the soils
productivity has been investigated.
Z.A.Ibragimov
Abstract
Azerbaijan has sufficient natural-climatic potential for all-round spreading of
the biological agriculture. Ecological, economic and social advantages of the
biological agriculture are indisputable. Although there is a range of
natural-resource, economic and organizational-psychological problems in
Azerbaijan. A solution of these problems must contribute to the widening of the
biological agriculture. A biological diversity is one of the composite parts of
the sustainable development concept, closely bound to the biological agriculture
management. The specific composition of the flora and fauna is analyzed. The
data on specially conserved natural complexes (reserves) are given.
R.R.Manoukyan, S.H.Bakunts, Jev.N.Badalyan
Abstract
The irrigated meadow brown soils of Ararat Valley of the RA are characterized by
low contents of humus quantity and supplies (1,4-1,7% and 50,3-8,7 ton per
hectare).The humus of these soils is of a humate-fulvate type (Ñha:Ñfa =
1,1-2,0). These soils are poor in mobile forms of nitrogen and phosphorus,
moderately rich in potassium and contain 9,2-16,0 mg/kg of mobile copper. Humus
acids (humoacids and fulvoacids) absorb 15,9-31,0% of the soil copper. The
mobile copper is more intensively absorbed by the humus acids of the secondary
salinized soils.The irrigated weak alkaline reaction (pH 8,0-8,2), of the soil
solution as well as the heavy mechanical composition of the soil has a
significant impact on the humus condition of the irrigated meadow brown soils.
I.G.Saatashvili
Abstract
Deduced from the local grades of corn "Kartuli Krugi" and "Imeretinski Hybrid"
the self-pollinated lines: Im 80, Im 52, Im 1, Im 56, KK 54 and others are the
best components at crossing by the foreign self-pollinated lines. On their basis
the received hybrids show highly effective heterosis. The foreign lines have
shown particularly high combinational ability at crossing with our lines: A 257,
C 106, 38-11, M 14 and others. The simple hybrids received on their basis, have
shown high reproductive heterosis in both, grains and the green wheat.
M.A.Sargsyan, H.R.Mesropyan, H.M.Gdlyan, L.T.Davtyan
Abstract
According to the research it has been identified that the BT subsp.
thuringiensis entomo pathogen available in BTB bacterial preparation after
application in forest farm typical black soils preserve in the soil for three
months and keep on displaying the abilities of synthesizing spore-crystal
complex and biological high efficiency.
INTERACTION OF PHOSPHORUS MANURINGS UPON SOME GEORGIAN SOILS
R.O. Lordkipanidze
Abstract
In the article are given the
results of the investigation of the interaction of phosphorus man rings upon
various types of plants and some types of Georgian soils. The best forms of
phosphorus manurings for the acid soils is the phosphorate flour. As regards
carbonic soils the best variant for them is simple superphosphate.
PECULIARITIES OF PHOSPHOROUS FEEDING IN CINNAMONIC AND MEADOW–CINNAMONIC SOILS OF WEST GEORGIA
N. O. Kiknadze
Abstract
For the carbonic brown middle-clayey soils of Bazaleti plateau, in the
conditions of autumnal interchange of wheat-and-maize harvest, it is considered
that the optimum consistency of mobile phosphorus is 3,8-4,2 mg on 100 g soil,
that provides a rich harvest. For the brown middle-clayey soils of eastern
Georgian meadow, in the conditions of tomato-cabbage interchange it is
considered that the optimum consistency of mobile phosphorus is 4,2-4,8 mg on
100 g soil. In order to increase the level of providing mobile phosphorus with
1mg on 100 g soil, in the conditions of its low consistency, one hectare needs
to be fertilized with 130-150 kg P2O5 on the brown soil and on the brown soil of
meadow – with 140-160 kg.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL REORGANIZATION OF PLANT CELL IN THE PROCESS OF XENOBIOTICS METABOLISM
G.V.Zaalishvili, T.G.Varazashvili, T.I.Ananiashvili, G.A.Khatishvili, E.G.Kvesitadze
Abstract
The ultrastructural changes, which promote the enhancement of xenobiotic
detoxification processes in a plant cell have been been revealed. The main
processes observed on the cell ultractrastructural level show: 1) Storage of
toxic compounds in vacuoles; 2) Transport of toxic residues from vacuoles to
cell outside; 3) Enhancement of biosynthesis of oxido-reductive enzymes and
proteins, participating in toxicant conjugation; 4) Contacts of endoplasmic
membranes with mitochondria and plastids, allowing to direct the electrons’ flow
toward the detoxification processes.
RESULTS OF REVEALING NEW GENETIC SOURCES OF SHORT STEMMING FROM TRITICUM L.
P.P. Naskhidashvili,
M.P. Naskhidashvili, M.G. Dekanoidze, T.G. Darsavelidze, D.O. Bedoshvili,
I.P.Naskhidashvili
Abstract
It is determined that winter wheat species of Georgian Khulugo, Tbilisuri 5,
Motsinave, Tbilisuri 8, Tbilisuri 10, Tbilisuri 12, also winter soft wheat
species Bezostaia 1 and three forms belonging to T. carthlicum (var. stramineum
–species Dika 9 /14. var. rubiginosum.var. fuliginosum) can be regarded as the
genetic source for the production of receiving highyielded and shortstemming
source material. The inheritance of shortstemming bears oligene, as well as
polygene character. In particular, hybrids T. carthlicum with hard and turgidum
wheat and the last species of Georgian soft wheat such as aborigine, as well as
selection ones, allow to propose fourlocus model of shortstemming with two pairs
of independent locus, whilst the crossing of species of soft wheat c. T.
carthlicum (Dika 9 / 14) has discoed polygene splitting.
WAYS OF INCREASING ALFALFA GRASS YIELD AND QUALITY
A.K.Yeritsyan, H. S. Vardanyan, A. K. Alyokhina, A. G. Kloyan
Abstract
Alfalfa plays an important role in the protein feed production of the Republic
of Armenia. It is rich in indispensable amino-acids, mineral salts and vitamins,
which are very necessary for animals. The research carried out in Vayots Dzor (Gladzor)
and Armavir (Merdzavan) marzes, showed that the variety Urartu 85 exceeds the
Aparan local both in quality and yield. The grass yield of the variety Aparan
local in Gladzor at the bud-covering stage was 108 centner/ha, at the beginning
of blossoming – 139 centner/ha and full blossoming 149 centner/ha. The results
in Merdzavan were the following 111, 134 and 143 centner/ha respectively.
Whereas the variety Urartu 85 yielded 145, 167 and 185 centner/ha in Gladzor and
137, 162 and 176 centner/ha in Merdzavan respectively. By biochemical analyses
of the grass (second mowing) it became clear, that the quantity and quality of
alfalfa yield depends, to an extent, on the stages of development of the plant.
The new selection variety Urartu 85 provides a high grass yield and quality, and
in case of its introduction, the profitability of farm economies will rise.
STUDY AND SELECTION OF TABLE WATERMELON SORT SAMPLES IN CONDITIONS OF ARARAT
PLAIN
V. N. Dabaghyan
Abstract
During 2000 - 2003 47 table watermelon sort samples were studied. 16 sort of
samples combining a complex of economically valuable attributes have been
selected. The selected samples represent a valuable material for the selection
of future activities.
R.S. Balayan
Abstract
Eight varieties of Muscat pumpkin collection have been studied. The main
parameters for the characterization of the varieties were: the mass of fruit,
yielding ability, width of pulp, quantity of suc rose and carotin. As the
productive varieties were selected "Berganush", "Population of Shamshadin" and "Bamabak".
PECULIARITIES OF APPLICATION OF STERILE FORMS IN HETEROIOSISE SELECTION OF
TOMATO
R.S. Shahazizyan, S.A. Hayrapetova
Abstract
To raise the quality of fruits and to increase the yield of tomato in
heteroiosise selection sterile forms FS 16/2, 16/5 and 5-2 were used. The
created hybrids of 593F1, 594F1, 539F1 and 660F1 are remarkable for
comparatively high yield and contents of dry matter in fruits, sugar, vitamin
"C" and acidity.
S.A.Kazaryan, G.G.Aslanyan
Abstract
"Blitz", "Big Beef", "Norakert" and "Gardel" varieties grown in soil and perlite
with drip irrigation method were observed. Plants grown on the substratum
maturated 10-15 days earlier. The productivity of "Blitz", "Big Beef", "Norakert"
and "Gardel" varieties were 16,6; 16,7; 15,8 and 15,4 kg/m2 . The productivity
of the varieties grown in soil and substratum conditions were not significantly
different. Plants grown in the substratum were more profitable due to the early
production and a high level of marketable fruits.
H.H. Babayan, Kh. L. Mkrtchian
Abstract
At present the cocside is spread in every fruit-growing thrifties of the region.
The cocside is a big eater and it prefers apple–trees, peach-trees and
pear-trees. It spends the winter in egg’s stage. Annually it gives two
generations. The trials of insecticides (in 2002-2004) have explained the
condensation of pasts of the following percentages: confidor’s 0.1, nurel-d’s
0.05, bazudin’s 0.2, talstar's 0.2, aktara’s 0.15. They provide high
profitability against the larvas of the first age.
PROTECTION
OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS BIODIVERSITY IN GEORGIA
T.O.Kacharava, A.A.Korakhashvili
Abstract
Georgia affiliated to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994 and assumed
an obligation to protect diversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems at its own
territory and support conversation of global biodiversity. Accumulation and
preservation of plant genetic resources is not sufficient, they shall be
described, evaluated and used. The nature and human are their creator, meaning
that a human being took a plant from the nature, improved it and created
diversified varieties and forms of cultural plants while contemporary breeders,
through random selection, created a new diversity. Hence, principle base for
genetic resources of agro-biodiversity or cultural plants are the forms adapted
to local ecosystems. These and varieties of modern intensive type serve as a
basis for plant growing of the modern agriculture. This means that the priority
of biological agriculture, in-situ and ex-situ biological diversity and the
equitable and far sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources have
been put forward.
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT EXPANSION AS AXIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGICAL USE
OF NATURE
G. A. Gligvashvili, I.B. Sharashenidze, T.T. Urushadze
Abstract
The determination of a single effective axiological basis feasibility for the
implementation of a coordinated strategy and tactic for the ecological natural
profit is considered in this article. A deduction of the human environmental
expansion on such basis in the nearest future is made.
ADAPTATION FEATURES OF CEREALS’ STEMS TO EXTERNAL MECHANICAL IMPACT
A.P.Tarverdyan
Abstract
The article is dedicated to the study of structural-mechanical principles of
plants’ structure, particularly to the investigation of the cereals’ stem
features under the external static and dynamic mechanical impact.
The following types and variations of the pressure on stem at different phases
of plant development (stem formation, ear formation and blooming) are discussed:
static cross profile curve, by means of thread it is fastened on the stem by one
end and by the other end to the static bearing; static cross profile curve with
hanging gyro; longitudinal curve; stretching; dynamic curve (fluctuations). As a
result of experimental study it was discovered, that cereals’ stems have
expressed reaction on weighting during the period between the stem and ear
formations. The adaptation reaction of the stems is well-expressed in the case
of curve in which the plant undergoes phylogenies and ontogenesis. In the case
of compression in static and dynamic curves powerful mechanical tissues are
formed, which weaken during stretching. In comparison with the control the plant
stem anatomic-morphologic characteristics “as well as the weight” the ears are
considerably increasing (20-30% in average), when the range of the fluctuation
is 10-18 sm. These parameters of fluctuations are about the same as natural wind
impact on the plant.
PROBLEMS OF SAFE EXPLOITATION OF WATER GAS TENSION PIPES PLACED IN GROUND MEDIUM
A.R. Minasyan
Abstract
The article deals with the problem of tension pipe safe exploitation. Formulae
were worked out to determine the tension condition of the pipes under the
influence of dynamic forces caused by the uneven motion of the liquid within.
LAYING OF WEAR PROOF COVERINGS ON THE SURFACE OF CUTTING TOOLS
D.P. Petrosyan*, G.S. Hovsepyan**, K.G. Karapetyan**, H.S. Alexanyan**
Abstract
Wear resistance coating technology by the methods of chemical thermal solution
treatment with refractory metal salts that are used in titanium – tungsten –
cobalt compositions is proposed. The process of chemical thermal hard alloy
plate treatment permitting an increase of the wear resistance of cutting tools
is studied.
PHYSICAL BASES OF WORK OF ELECTROMAGNETIC VIBRODRIVEN BY MAGNETIZATION OF A DIRECT CURRENT
G. A.Javakhishvili
Abstract
The study observes double-stroke electromagnetic vibrodrive back and forth
motion, magnetization of a direct current at which windings of an alternating
current is connected consistently or in parallel. Basic equations explaining
fundamental physical work of electromagnetic vibrodrives, the impact of constant
magnetization on the intensity of a magnetic field have been identified.
Dependences of magnetic penetration and inductance from the intensity of a
constant field at constant peak value of a variable making induction has been
revealed. When the presence of electromotive force of double frequency in a
winding of a direct current is undesirable, the preference should be given to
the parallel connection of windings of an alternating current.
STATIONARY HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES DUE TO EXTREMAL REASONS IN RESERVOIRS AND
CANALS
R.V. Danelia, I.Z. Gogsadze
Abstract
Functional dependences have been identified depicting a fixed hydrodynamic
process in reservoirs and channels in a stationary water stream under steady
flow and lateral influx, in particular, a velocity potential arising at lateral
water flow and the wave amplitude on the reservoir (canal) surface.
CONDITIONS OF STEADINESS OF NON_CENTRAL GRINDING BY CUTTING
S.A.Kochlikyan
Abstract
Article a problem of supporting vibro-steadiness of non-central grinding machine
during grinding by cutting has been considered. As a result of the investigation
ineffectiveness of the expand support of turning-part of leadership mandrel of
machine in the area of low frequency has been established.
AUTOMATIC
DEVICE FOR PRODUCING FLEXIBLE CONSUMER PACKAGES
E.G. Mailova, A.B.Voskanyan
Abstract
For manufacturers of the food-processing industry packing is not less important,
than the goods. Especially grows the role of packing at saturation of the
market. According to the increasing demand various kinds of packing techniques
are used. Thus the question of packing equipment for local foodstuff
manufacturers acquires more significance. For this purpose has been developed
and created a packet producing automatic device which has a simple design. The
automatic device allows to receive a qualitative and strong packets development.
SECRETION OF INGIBRATIVE SUBSTANCES WITH MILK
G. B. Seropjan
Abstract
After intercysterial injection of phecuelinum with milk in 36 cows sick with
concealed mastitus, the time of secretion has been identified. The research has
shown that it is secreted with milk during 12 hours. It makes possihle to inject
cows sick with mastitis with phecellinium twice a day.
ASSORTMENT AND STUDY OF SOME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VACCINE FILLERS FOR
AEROSOL USE
E.G. Khorguani
Abstract
The article gives the analyses of a study of the same physical characteristics
of vaccine fillers – ascangel, ascahgel "K" and lactose for the application in
dusty aerosol vaccination of birds against Newcastle disease (ND).
CHANGES OF SOME HEMOTOLOGICAL INDICES IN COWS DURING NEPHRITIS
A.L. Asatryan
Abstract
The study offers clinical-hematological indices in cows during acute nephritis.
16 sick cows were studied. The disease was generally acute and caused depression
and weakness, high fever, cautious monement, curved back and painful kidneys.
The blood count revealed sharp increase of elitrocytes and leikocytes, as well
as.
G.V.Kvachrelishvili, G.T.Ramishvili
Abstract
In the presented work 12 corpses of rams were preparated for experimental
purposes and anatomical peculiarities of sympathetically axle of waist-group,
vertebratical bands and connective branches were studied according to
academician Vorobiev's well-known method. It was identified that in the
sympathetical axle of rams in the waist was noticed 3 variants of distribution
of vertebral ganglions (50 %) numbers of axes in column is symmetrical and is
six in number, concentric (25 %). There are no vertebral bands on the first,
second and third segmental levels in waist, mix numbers of axles (16,6 %) gets
more in the waist of the fourth and fifth levels of vertebra. There are three of
four ganglions in the symmetrical column of ram where they are distributed
symmetrically. The number of ganglions is less on the basis of interconnection
of neighboring ganglions.
DIVERSITY AND PERFECTION OF GEORGIAN LOCAL CATTLE
L.A. Tortladze
Abstract
Georgia is the oldest country of cattle domestication. Georgian tribes prepared
butter in clay ware during Eneolith period. The bones of domestic cattle are
found as a result of excavations, which are dated back the 5th millennium.
B.C.More than 7 thousand years since the domesticated cattle is reared in
Georgia. Nowadays the genetic resources of local cattle in Georgia are
represented by three breeds: Georgian Mountain Cattle, Red Megruli and Caucasian
Brown, long before the buffalo is reared in Georgia. The perfection of animals
can be achieved through the pure-breeding method, as well as by the use of sires
of the best world genetic resources.
SOME INDICES OF ABOMASAL CONTENT IN HEALTHY CALVES AND CALVES WITH DISPEPSION
A. V. Manasyan, G. R. Petoyan
Abstract
We researched the secretor function of abomasum of calves healthy and ill with
dispepsia. We also determined pH of abomasum content, free and banded
hydrochloric acid level in this content, common acidity and digestive power.
Free and banded hydrochloric acid level common acidity, and digestive power of
calves abomasal content have been defined. Free hydrochloric acid is absent ,
and the level of other indices of abomasal content drops.
J.V.Nachkebia, E.D.Nachkebia, K.D.Nachkebia
Abstract
The interaction of Escherichia with other types of microorganisms, among them
with clostridia promotes the appearance of new regroups of Escherichia coli,
which has the tendency of subsequent growth. The antigenic connection, among the
different types of microorganisms, which is observed in nature, is not simply an
accidental coincidence, but the result of their interaction , when the different
determinants, among them antigenic are transferred from the donor of one type or
genus to the recipients of the other type or genus. The proof of such phenomena
was the investigation of Escherichia strains connected with oxygenic anaerobes,
that testify the antigenic connection among the different serigraphs of
epizootic strains of E. coli and clostridia.
DEVISING METHOD OF COMPLEX BIOPOLYMERS QUANTITIES’ DETERMINATION
N.G.Mamardashvili, L.D.Khukhunashvili, L.A.Mujiri
Abstract
The work is dedicated to devising the method of quantitative determination of
complex biopolymers in a brandy. The subject of investigation were Georgian
brandies of different maturity, produced in wineries and brandy plants. Selected
were overall preparations of complex biopolymers. The complex biopolymers
fractioning with organic solvents of different polarity was carried out.
Chromatography of the obtained fractions of the complex biopolymers with
different ingredients, depending on compounds’ grades was carried out. The
spectrophotometric method was suggested as a method of complex biopolymers’
quantitative determination. These data show that the values of specific indices
of the examined absorption of the compound solutions are approximate ones within
the concentration limit of 1 to 4 mkg/ml.
M. Lovera
Abstract
In the present paper international forest policy and situation of forest at the
global level are analyzed. The author analyzed such questions as recent history
of international forest policy, characterization of the international forest
policy process, current trends in forest and forestry, gaps between the
international forest policy process and forests.
INFLUENCE OF FOREST PROTECTED BELTS ON THE AGRICULTURAL CROP YIELDING
G.I. Kharaishvili
Abstract
The influence of forest protected belts on the agricultural crop yielding (tea,
lemon, tangerine, orange, grapes (vine), fruit, common wheat, barley-corn,
maize, sunflower, sugar-beet) according to natural climatic regions is given in
this report. On the basis of three years' investigation is established that in
fact, normative (standard) yield gain under the influence of safeguarding forest
strips for Georgia is composed of: tea – 12,0 center/ha (16%), tangerine – 16,9
c/ha (21%), lemon – 18,5 c/ha (24%), orange – 11,4 c/ha (17%), grape – 6,4 c/ha
(18%), fruit – 10,5 c/ha (27%), common wheat – 1,8 c/ha (8%), barley-corn – 2,4
c/ha (11%), maize corn – 3,0 c/ha (14%), sunflower – 1,7 c/ha (20%), sugar-beet
– 50,0 c/ha (14%).
LITTER OF DARK CONIFEROUS FORESTS OF GEORGIA
N.G. Tarasashvili, G.S. Vachnadze, G.I. Kukhianidze, G.V. Tsereteli
Abstract
The process of the formation of dead top-soils in the mountain forests occurs
under an influence of various factors, which provides creation of different
types of dead top-soils. Furthermore, forest debris peculiarities determine the
speed and trends of the transformation of the dead organic matter along with the
forest density and consistency, altitude above sea level, an exposition and
steepness of the slopes and biogeocenose processes.
FOREST INTRODUCTION IN GEORGIA
K.L. Tugushi
Abstract
Introduction of woody plants in Georgia began more than 150 years ago. At first
exotics were planted to decorate historical gardens and parks. Later they were
used in landscape and shade gardening or windbreak forest strips. In 1961 under
the management of Acad. V. Gulisashvili Abkhazian Forest Experimental Station of
the Institute of Mine Forestry began testing biogroups of exotics on the
experimental plots, using 100 plants of each species and in 1965 about 20-25
plants were tested in the mine stationary. Later in December, 1999 about 919
species, varieties and forms, belonging to 249 genera and 102 families were
collected in Abkhazia Forest Experimental Station and its stationeries.
CHESTNUT WOODS OF MODERATELY DAMP ECOTOPS OF EAST GEORGIA
G.A.Gagoshidze
Abstract
The work deals with the results on researches of forestry and soil
characteristics of chestnut woods of moderate damp ecotops of East Georgia with
a dead and blackberry cover and with a hazel grove underbrush..
E.D.Lobjanidze*, G.Sh.Kajaia**, M.D.Gabunia***, D.K.Tzertvadze****, A.T.Urushadze*****
Abstract
Cambial activity and radial growth of wood in stems of ringporous plants (Robinia
pseudoacacia L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ulmus minor Mill., Quercus hartwissiana
Stev.) is greatly dependent on conditions of the environment. Particularly the
duration of cambial activity in the polluted region (environs of Kutaisi) is
significantly (by 8-24 days) reduced as compared with ecologically pure
territories (resort Sairme). In extremal conditions the width of annual rings
and parameters of the metaxylem elements are sharply reduced, diagnostic signs
of wood are lost. F.excelsior turned out to be highly resistant against the
technogenic pollution in conditions of Kutaisi city, while Q.hartwissiana and
U.minor have revealed low resistance..
UNEMPLOYMENT AND ACTIVE EMPLOYMENT POLICY
A. S. Melkumyan
Abstract
Comparative analysis of unemployment indicators and factors affecting it and the
employment active policy implemented in the Republic of Armenia are considered.
High unemployment, hidden employment, underdevelopment of labour market
infrastructure, weak use of financial instruments in the employment policy are
the problems specific for CIS countries, countries of Central and Eastern
Europe. As the analysis showed the effective employment policy does not require
additional financial resources, rather it is related to the redistribution of
budget resources in favor of active programs. Particularly, the increase of the
state budget role in the active employment policy includes a wider use of
financial instruments of employment regulation, comprising tax privileges for
employers creating jobs and implementing training programs, regional targeted
programs and preferences.
ECONOMIC COHERENCES BETWEEN FOOD CONSUMPTION AND INCOME CONDITIONS IN THE
HUNGARIAN HOUSEHOLDS
L. Vasa
Abstract
It can be stated that the proportion of food consumption within the total
consumption of the Hungarian households is too high. The changes in food
consumption can be observed in the case of those products where the extent of
price fluctuation was above the average. The investigation of the present
situation of food consumption makes the implementation of the real and effective
subsidisation-policy and the establishment of optimal structure possible. The
result of my analysis at the same time shows the predominance of the
Engel-principle and it presents its success under Hungarian circumstances.
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